A sexually transmitted infection (STI) outbreak is rapidly increasing in the United States. This disease is now a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and is not treated with common antibiotics. This disease is called *Shigella infection or shigellosis*. According to national and international media reports, this bacterium is now becoming a superbug.
What is Shigella?
Shigella is a bacterium that infects the human intestine. It causes bloody or mucus-stained stools, severe stomach pain, cramps, fever, and vomiting. It is also known as dysentery. In severe cases, dehydration, septic shock, brain complications, and internal bleeding can also occur.
This bacterium is highly contagious. Experts say that just 10 bacteria are enough for infection. Therefore, it spreads easily from one person to another.
Approximately 450,000 to 500,000 people in the United States become infected with it each year. Previously, it spread mostly through two routes: contaminated food and water and among children in daycare. Children under 5 years of age, travelers visiting places with poor sanitation, and the homeless were most affected.
But in the last 10-15 years, the pattern has completely changed.
How does it become a sexually transmitted infection?
Shigella is now spread through the fecal-oral route during sexual contact. This means that even a small amount of feces (stool) from an infected person can cause infection. This can occur during oral-anal sex, or anilingus.
A genetic study by Cambridge University in July 2025 found that between 2015 and 2020, the rate of Shigella transmission through sexual transmission increased *15% faster each year* than transmission through food, travel, or daycare.
Sabse tezi se badhne wala group *gay, bisexual aur other men who have sex with men (GBMSM)* hai.
CDC ki ek badi study jo MMWR journal me publish hui hai, usme 2011 se 2023 ke beech 17,000 Shigella samples ki jaanch ki gayi. Usme paya gaya ki:
- XDR (Extensively Drug Resistant) Shigella, jo 5 aam antibiotics - ampicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin aur trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole se nahi marta - uska pratishat *2011 me 0% tha jo 2023 me badh kar 8.5% ho gaya*. Matlab 8.5 point ka jump.
- 492 XDR marijon me jinki age aur sex ki jaankari thi, unki average umar 41 saal thi aur *86.2% vayask purush the*.
- 116 marijon me jinki HIV status pata thi, unme se *46.6% ko HIV tha*.
Cambridge ki lead researcher Kate Baker ne kaha, "Many men who have sex with men are unaware of the serious and increasing risk posed by sexually transmitted Shigella. This disease has gone from being relatively treatable with off-the-shelf drugs to being close to untreatable."
Dawa Se Kyu Nahi Ruk Raha? Superbug Kaise Bana?
Iske peeche do bade kaaran hain.
*1. Bystander Resistance:* Jab kisi vyakti ko kisi aur STI jaise chlamydia ya gonorrhea ke liye galat antibiotic di jati hai, to wo antibiotic Shigella ko maar to nahi paati, lekin usme resistance paida kar deti hai. Shigella apne andar plasmid naam ke DNA ke tukde le leta hai jisme blaCTX-M-15 aur mph(A) jaise resistance genes hote hain. Ye gene ek bacteria se dusre me tezi se chale jaate hain. Ise horizontal gene transfer kehte hain.
*2. Tezi Se Failna:* Cambridge researchers ne paya ki drug-resistant strains, normal strains ke mukable *71% zyada tezi se fail* rahe hain. Aur sexually transmitted strains me se *70% se zyada kam se kam ek antibiotic ke prati resistant* hain.
California University, Los Angeles (UCLA) ke hospital me molecular biologist Shangxin Yang ne bataya ki unke yahan 2022 me poore saal me sirf 1 XDR Shigella ka case aaya tha, lekin ab *har mahine 1 case* aa raha hai.
2025 tak America me kul Shigella cases me se lagbhag 5% XDR ho chuke hain, jabki 2020 me ye 1% se bhi kam the. New York, Los Angeles aur Chicago jaise bade shahron me iske cluster dekhe gaye hain. Lagbhag ek tihai XDR marijon ko hospital me bharti karna pada hai.
Lakshan Kya Hain?
Sankraman ke 1-2 din baad lakshan shuru hote hain:
Din me 10-20 baar patla dast, jisme khoon ya chipchipa mucus
Tez pet dard aur marod
Bukhar 101-104°F tak
Ulti, jee michlana
Kamzori aur dehydration
Zyadatar mamalon me 5-7 din me aaram mil jata hai bina dawai ke, sirf paani aur aaram se. Lekin XDR cases me 2 hafte tak dast rehta hai aur haalat gambhir ho jati hai.
Bachaav Kaise Karein? CDC Ki Salah:
Columbia University ke sexual health expert Dr. Jason Zucker kehte hain ki is baare me sharminda hone ki zarurat nahi hai, balki khul kar baat karni chahiye. Unhone kaha, "The sexual practices that can transmit Shigella are common and normal. Effective education means integrating Shigella into the same conversations we already have about STI prevention."
CDC ne kuch aasan niyam bataye hain:
1. Haath Dhona: Har baar toilet ke baad, khaana banane se pehle aur sex ke baad sabun se achchi tarah haath dhoyein.
2. Sex Se Bachein: Agar aapko ya aapke partner ko dast ho raha hai, to 2 hafte tak oral-anal contact se bilkul bachein. CDC kehta hai ki lakshan khatam hone ke *kam se kam 14 din baad tak sex na karein*.
3. Safe Practices: Dental dam ya condom ka use karein, aur sex toys ko achchi tarah saaf karein.
4. Jaanch Karayein: Agar 3 din se zyada khooni dast, tez bukhar aur pet dard hai, to turant doctor ya sexual health clinic me jaayein. Stool test se hi pata chalega ki kaunsi antibiotic kaam karegi.
5. *Antibiotic Ka Galat Istemal Na Karein:* Doctor ke bina antibiotic na lein. Galat dawa resistance ko aur badhati hai.
Agar aap me aise lakshan hain ya aapko lagta hai ki aap expose hue hain, to turant apne doctor ya najdeeki swasthya kendra se sampark karein. Sahi samay par jaanch aur sahi dawai se is gambhir sankraman ko roka ja sakta hai.
Note: Ye jaankari jagrukta ke liye hai. Kisi bhi ilaj ke liye kripya doctor se salah lein.
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